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Версия для печати | Главная > Центр > Научные советы > Научный совет по катализу > ... > 2000 год > № 14

№ 14

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Памяти крупнейших ученых в области катализа
100 лет со дня рождения члена-корреспондента академии наук СССР
Симона Залмановича Рогинского

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Химическая промышленность на рубеже веков

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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY AWARD IN COLLOID OR SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Sponsored by Procter & Gamble
Nicholas J. Turro, William P. Schweitzer Professor of Chemistry and co-chairman of the department of chemical engineering and applied chemistry at Columbia University,has pioneered the use of photochemistry and spectroscopy to characterize colloids and interfacial systems. "His contributions are broad and farreaching and have led to a truly deeper understanding of colloidal phenomena at the molecular level", says a colleague.

Turro's work, this colleague adds, "has inspired and stimulated many other colloid chemical investigations and thus has contributed to the ongoing renaissance in colloid and interfacial chemistry". The tools and techniques he has developed are allowing researchers to obtain molecular-level information about the structures and the dynamical characteristics of colloidal aggregates in aqueous solutions and of colloidal systems formed by surfactants and polymers adsorbed on solid surfaces, among others.

One of Turro's research contributions was the use of photophysical techniques to study how surfactants aggregate to form micelles. This work has been generalized and extended to other self-associating systems. His published research, says a colleague, was "instrumental in setting a research style for use of photoluminescence methods to obtain a wealth of information on colloidal and interfacial systems".

In the 1980s, Turro's research yielded a series of papers about the reactions of radical pairs photochemically generated in colloidal systems and how those reactions can be controlled by using micelles. These studies led to the discovery that micelles could be used to separate heavy elements through a magnetic isotope effect and that very weak magnetic fields can be used to modify chemical reactions such as emulsion polymerizations.

"This work clearly demonstrated the special properties of micellar systems and brought other researchers into the field," says a colleague. And it "inspired the creation of the new discipline of spin chemistry and magnetic effects based on the chemistry of radical pairs in micelles", says another.

Turro's unrivaled expertise in the use of photochemical probes for microheterogeneous environments has led to many successful collaborations with other research groups in a wide range of fields. In one joint effort, he used photoluminescence and electron spin label methods to study the adsorption of surfactants and polymers onto solid surfaces. This work led to the first direct spectroscopic determination of the nature and aggregation number of hemimicelles on solid surfaces and the first direct spectroscopic investigation of the conformation of polyions adsorbed on solid surfaces from the aqueous phase.

In another joint effort, Turro applied electron spin resonance probes to investigate the structure and dynamics of starburst dendrimers in aqueous solution. And in still another collaborative work, he used photophysical and photochemical techniques to investigate the interactions of metal complexes with biological colloidal systems, such as the binding of metal complexes to DNA.

Turro received a B.A. degree in 1960 from Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., and a Ph.D. degree in 1963 from California Institute of Technology. After a one-year postdoctoral stint at Harvard University, he joined Columbia University in 1964 as an instructor and was named professor in 1969. Among his recent honors and awards are the Stralenchemie Preis of the Max Plank Institute for radiation chemistry, Mьlheim, Germany (1998); the Caltech Distinguished Alumnus Award (1996); the Having Medal of Leiden University, in the Netherlands (1994); and the Porter Medal of the Japan, European, and Inter-American Photochemical Societies.

February 1, 1999 C&EN

ARTHUR W. ADAMSON AWARD FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Sponsored by Occidental Petroleum Corp.
John T. Yates JR., R.K. Mellon Professor of Chemistry & Physics and director of the Surface Science Center at the University of Pittsburgh, is widely recognized as one of the most influential and productive figures in surface chemistry. Yates has developed or advanced a number of surface analytical tools including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy of adsorbates, and thermal desorption techniques. He is perhaps best known for codiscovering and pioneering electronstimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIIAD) - a technique for probing the structure, geometry, and dynamics of molecules adsorbed on surfaces.

Commenting on the enormous volume and high quality of Yates's contributions, one colleague observes that if Yates's rйsumй were arbitrarily divided in two-creating two make-believe scientists - each of the fictions characters would belong among the most prominent of surface chemists. His clever application of analytical methods to solve problems in surface structure and surface reaction mechanism prompts one surface chemist to describe Yates as "one of the greatest problem solvers surface chemistry has", adding that "most (researchers) today follow intellectual patterns established by Yates".

In addition to contributions in basic and applied research, Yates is also recognized for bringing about progress in surface science by training several generations of students; by serving on the editorial staffs of many key journals; by organizing conferences that foster contacts among U.S., European, and Asian scientists; and by serving in various capacities in organizations such as the American Chemical Society and the American Physical Society.

Yates earned a B.S. degree in chemistry from Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pa., in 1956, and a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960. He worked as a staff scientist at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards & Technology) from 1965 to 1981. He then joined the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh and was jointly appointed to the university's department of physics in 1994. Yates has been associate editor of Langmuir for eight years.

February 1, 1999 C&EN


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